A Method for Controlled Odor Delivery in Olfactory Field-Testing

'Sniffin' sticks': olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination and olfactory threshold.

'Sniffin' Sticks' is a new test of nasal chemosensory performance based on pen-like odor dispensing devices. It comprises three tests of olfactory function, namely tests for odor threshold (n-butanol, testing by means of a single staircase), odor discrimination (16 pairs of odorants, triple forced choice) and odor identification (16 common odorants, multiple forced choice from four verbal items...

A method for maintaining odor-responsive adult rat olfactory receptor neurons in short-term culture.

We report a culture system requiring the addition of freshly made ascorbic acid to the medium, that supports the short-term survival of adult rat olfactory receptor neurons. The cultured neurons exhibit typical voltage-gated currents and are responsive to application of odorants.

Odor representations in the mammalian olfactory bulb.

A first key step in studying a sensory modality is to define how the brain represents the features of the sensory stimulus. This has proven to be a challenge in olfaction, where even the stimulus features have been a matter of considerable debate. In this review, we focus on olfactory representations in the first stage of the olfactory pathway, the olfactory bulb (OB). We examine the diverging ...

Method for Testing Field Programmable Gate Arrays

passivity in waiting for godot and endgame: a psychoanalytic reading

this study intends to investigate samuel beckett’s waiting for godot and endgame under the lacanian psychoanalysis. it begins by explaining the most important concepts of lacanian psychoanalysis. the beckettian characters are studied regarding their state of unconscious, and not the state of consciousness as is common in most beckett studies. according to lacan, language plays the sole role in ...